{"id":21693,"date":"2025-11-10T11:46:23","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T10:46:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/?p=21693"},"modified":"2025-11-12T13:49:55","modified_gmt":"2025-11-12T12:49:55","slug":"observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-using-the-hpv-x3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/en\/know-how\/high-speed-video-camera\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-using-the-hpv-x3\/","title":{"rendered":"Observation of High-Frequency Oscillations of Water Vapor Microbubbles Using the HPV-X3"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"21693\" class=\"elementor elementor-21693\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e15197 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4e15197\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78563fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78563fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>User Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The HPV-X3 high-speed video camera enables high-speed imaging of up to 20 Mfps.<\/li>\n<li>The camera is capable of capturing high-resolution images of the high-frequency oscillations of microbubbles and the <br \/>shape changes during their contraction process.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351e04c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"351e04c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5802db5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5802db5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-025f023 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"025f023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><br \/>Lithium-ion batteries play an important role in various electronic devices due to their high energy density and excellent charging efficiency. To improve battery performance, battery materials and processing methods are actively being developed. One of the evaluation methods for mechanical properties is strength measurement. The metal (current collector) used in the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries is subjected to tensile force during the manufacturing process. Evaluation of temperature dependence is required because the metal is also subjected to heat during manufacturing. This Application News introduces a workflow consisting of tensile strength evaluation of metal foil used as lithium-ion battery electrodes. The tests were performed under various temperatures to evaluate the temperature dependence of tensile strength. The apparatus used is also described.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02601ab e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"02601ab\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4067eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e4067eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjIwNzAsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9zaGltYWR6dS10ZXN0aW5nLmNvbVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL29ic2VydmF0aW9uLW9mLWhpZ2gtZnJlcXVlbmN5LW9zY2lsbGF0aW9ucy1vZi13YXRlci12YXBvci1taWNyb2J1YmJsZXMtZmlnMS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"954\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-22070\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6814408 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6814408\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44ed5ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"44ed5ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig2.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig2\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjIwNzEsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9zaGltYWR6dS10ZXN0aW5nLmNvbVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL29ic2VydmF0aW9uLW9mLWhpZ2gtZnJlcXVlbmN5LW9zY2lsbGF0aW9ucy1vZi13YXRlci12YXBvci1taWNyb2J1YmJsZXMtZmlnMi5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"632\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig2-768x632.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-22071\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c37748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9c37748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig3.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig3\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjIwNzIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9zaGltYWR6dS10ZXN0aW5nLmNvbVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL29ic2VydmF0aW9uLW9mLWhpZ2gtZnJlcXVlbmN5LW9zY2lsbGF0aW9ucy1vZi13YXRlci12YXBvci1taWNyb2J1YmJsZXMtZmlnMy5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"592\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig3-768x592.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-22072\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-332e2ac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"332e2ac\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a514ea0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a514ea0\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d672272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d672272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Measurement System<\/strong><br \/>The observation setup, the microscope section, and a schematic diagram of the microscope section are shown in Fig. 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the white-framed area in Fig. 2. A glass cell containing the substrate and degassed water was set in the microscope. The laser was focused from the back of the glass substrate to generate bubbles. The generated bubbles were observed using the HPV-X3 from a horizontal directive relative to the substrate surface. A laser light source with a wavelength of 640 nm (Cavilux) was used for illumination.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34ea17f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34ea17f\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f44a8b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f44a8b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig4.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig4\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjIwNzMsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9zaGltYWR6dS10ZXN0aW5nLmNvbVwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyNVwvMTFcL29ic2VydmF0aW9uLW9mLWhpZ2gtZnJlcXVlbmN5LW9zY2lsbGF0aW9ucy1vZi13YXRlci12YXBvci1taWNyb2J1YmJsZXMtZmlnNC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"802\" height=\"766\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-of-high-frequency-oscillations-of-water-vapor-microbubbles-fig4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-22073\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f23780a e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f23780a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d40809 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8d40809\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-setup-high-speed-video-camera-shimadzu.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE1MDgsInVybCI6ZmFsc2V9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/observation-setup-high-speed-video-camera-shimadzu.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edadbb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"edadbb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/microscope-section-appearance-hyper-vision-hpv-x3-shimadzu.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE1MDcsInVybCI6ZmFsc2V9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/microscope-section-appearance-hyper-vision-hpv-x3-shimadzu.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f48e50e e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f48e50e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78c989a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78c989a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Measurement System<\/h2><p>The observation setup, the microscope section, and a schematic diagram of the microscope section are shown in Fig. 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Fig. 3 is an enlarged view of the white-framed area in Fig. 2. A glass cell containing the substrate and degassed water was set in the microscope. The laser was focused from the back of the glass substrate to generate bubbles. The generated bubbles were observed using the HPV-X3 from a horizontal directive relative to the substrate surface. A laser light source with a wavelength of 640 nm (Cavilux) was used for illumination.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9cb59c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9cb59c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/schematic-diagram-of-the-microscope-section-shimadzu.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE1MDksInVybCI6ZmFsc2V9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/schematic-diagram-of-the-microscope-section-shimadzu.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec01545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec01545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Observation Results<\/strong><br \/>Initially, the entire phenomenon of water vapor microbubbles vibrating was captured at a speed of 1 Mfps, and it was<br \/>confirmed that the microbubbles undergo repeated expansion and contraction. The process from bubble generation to<br \/>disappearance is shown in Fig. 5. As seen in Fig. 5(14) and (15), the behavior of the bubbles just before disappearance cannot be captured in detail at 1 Mfps. Next, the image capture speed was changed to 20 Mfps. The results are shown in Fig. 6. The shape of the bubble tip during the contraction process appears arc-shaped in Fig. 5 and 6(1) and (2). However, as contraction progresses, this changes, and in Fig. 6(5), it can be seen that the tip shape momentarily becomes sharp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebf6208 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ebf6208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><br \/>Using the HPV-X3 high-speed video camera, the repeated expansion and contraction of water vapor microbubbles<br \/>generated by laser irradiation was captured. The HPV-X3 is capable of high-speed imaging at up to 20 Mfps, and by<br \/>recording at this maximum speed, it was possible to observe the high-frequency oscillations of the bubbles as well as the shape changes during the contraction process.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><br \/>1) Namura, K., Okai, S., Kumar, S., Nakajima, K., Suzuki, M.:<br \/>Advanced Materials Interfaces, 7 (18) (2020) 2000483.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Related Applications<\/strong><br \/>1. Oscillation Analysis of Water Vapor Bubbles Using High-Speed<br \/>Video Camera \u2013 High-Speed Imaging of Sub-MHz-Order<br \/>Oscillations \u2013, Application Note No. 84<br \/>Photography cooperation:<br \/>Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering,<br \/>Kyoto University<br \/>(6) (7) (8) (9) (10)<br \/>(1)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13117f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"13117f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/expansion-and-contraction-process-high-speed-video-camera-shimadzu.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE1MDUsInVybCI6ZmFsc2V9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/expansion-and-contraction-process-high-speed-video-camera-shimadzu.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b8c261 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0b8c261\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/contraction-process-of-the-bubble-high-speed-video-camera-shimadzu.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE1MDQsInVybCI6ZmFsc2V9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/shimadzu-testing.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/contraction-process-of-the-bubble-high-speed-video-camera-shimadzu.jpg\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3655f6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3655f6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div 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class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understanding the properties of materials is important in designing products.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":397,"featured_media":22071,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[340,367],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-speed-video-camera","category-hpv-x3"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>High-Frequency Oscillations of Water Vapor Microbubbles | HPV-X3<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Capture the ultra\u2011fast oscillations of water vapour microbubbles using the HPV\u2011X3 high\u2011speed camera from Shimadzu for detailed fluid dynamics 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